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Answer Upon - The Chemistry of Leather Care
If you want to maximize your affiliate revenue you must learn to treat your list with a lot of respect.I don't know how many times you've read those sales letters where someone brags about how they buy a brand new Mercedes or Porsche cash whenever they want just by sending a newsletter to their list.That sounds good and true. What they don't tell you is what will hurt you if you don't tread cautiously.How do you feel if you subscribe to a newsletter and all you get is a constant bombardment with sales pitches. How worse is it if most of the recommendations made are not worth a dime a dozen?If you're like most, you simply unsubscribe.Why do you unsubscribe? You do because they are only doing it to get a commission. They are NOT recommending this stuff to you because it will improve your life or add any value.You don't want to be such a publisher whose idea of a list is a group of people you send all sorts of recommendations to.If you want to succeed in this affiliate business, make it a point of duty NEVER to recommend a product or service you've never tried out. And when you do make a recommendation, do call attention to what the product or service will do and what it can't.You will be
SILCONES AND LEATHER
Silicone is a kind of synthetic oil, and the term silicone refers to a homologous series of organic chemicals that are based upon a backbone of alternating silicon and oxygen. Organic side chains, most often methyl groups, are bonded to the silicon atoms. The chains are terminated with methyl groups, making them non-reactive. The chains also can be terminated with hydroxyl groups or with hydrogen, making them reac
Taxes is a difficult issue that effects everybody's life. The notion of fair taxation system is a merely mystical one because no matter how well planned it is there will be people who will not be satisfied for a number of reason. First of all, it is necessary to understand different types of taxes that are used for revenue generation by the US government. Famous Adam Smith once stated that taxes should be related to population’s ability to pay them. Clearly such tax as VAT (value added tax) does not prove it to be true, because the amount of VAT one pays for a particular object will remain the same for everyone no matter how much they earn. Such tax is a regressive one. It simply means that the more income an individual or a family receives, the less the proportion that is spent on taxes such as VAT. Therefore this type of tax will not influence people with high incomes as much as those with low level of earnings.There is another kind of tax opposite to regressive one. A progressive tax means that people who earn more they pay in taxes, thus tax represents a greater proportion of person's income as their income increases. On the other hand regressive tax shows a smaller proportion of a person's income when income rises. Making conclus
Fatliquoring is the process of incorporating fats, greases, and oils into the body of the leather. The presence of fats, greases, and oils in leather lubricates the fibers and tends to waterproof the leather. Without enough internal lubrication, the fibers will abrade and break due to friction, and the leather may crack.
Leather is given a color by means of dying or pigmenting. Depending upon the means employed, the coloration can be incorporated through the entire thickness of the leather, or it can be concentrated at and near the surface.
Dressing is a surface finish that is given to the material. The surface finish is a continuous organic matrix distinct from the protein fibers. That organic matrix can range from a latex paint to a wax. Dressing always refers to that which is the outmost layer of organic matter of the leather. Thus it is possible for a dressing to be “dressed,” since it is possible to apply a wax polish to a surface of painted leather. Prior to wax polishing, the organic matrix that is the paint outer layer of the leather was the “dressing.”
Working the leather refers to the repeated flexing of the leather in order to reduce stiffness. This is an entirely mechanical process.
HOW TO THINK OF CHEMICALS FOR LEATHER CARE
All chemical treatments of leather fall into one or more of these categories: substitute fatliquors, surface dressings, waterproofers, and cleaners.
HOW CLEANERS WORK
Cleaners are chemicals or chemical preparations that aim to remove foreign matter from the leather. The trick with cleaners is that they have to be able to remove the foreign matter without themselves permanently changing the appearance of the leather being cleaned. Invariably, the matter that has to be removed from the leather is a solid or semi-solid, and the cleaning chemical is almost invariably a liquid. Cleaning is achieved either by dissolving the solid matter or by lifting the matter from contact with the leather through a process of preferential wetting. Preferential wetting means that the leather prefers to be in contact with the cleaning liquid more than with the solid contaminant.
In either case, dissolved solid or lifted contaminant, a cloth or sponge is nearly always necessary to complete the removal of the foreign matter from the leather. The foreign contaminating matter is transferred from the leather to the cleaning cloth.
The cleaner preparation also has to be removed from the leather to completely restore the leather to its previously clean state. Cleaner that is not itself removed can become a foreign contaminant. Cleaner is removed either by rinsing, transfer to a cloth or sponge, by evaporation, or a combination of all three processes.
Rinsing is the process in which excess water is used to dissolve the leather cleaner and carry it off. In effect, rinse water substitutes for the cleaner chemical in the leather. Water, weakly bound in the fiber mass, then itself evaporates. This process of removing cleaner is effective provided the leather itself is not adversely affected by getting wet.
If the leather to be cleaned is dressed, that is has a continuous matrix of organic matter on top of the fibers, then other dressing agents can be used to clean the leather product. In effect, it is the surface dressing that is to be cleaned, not the deep mass of protein fibers. Water and other leather dressing agents are useful in removing contaminants from dressed leather. The processes of dissolution and preferential wetting occur here also, as well as the transfer of solid contaminants from one body to another. Thus, cleaning, waxing, and polishing can occur as part of a single process.
SILCONES AND LEATHER
Silicone is a kind of synthetic oil, and the term silicone refers to a homologous series of organic chemicals that are based upon a backbone of alternating silicon and oxygen. Organic side chains, most often methyl groups, are bonded to the silicon atoms. The chains are terminated with methyl groups, making them non-reactive. The chains also can be terminated with hydroxyl groups or with hydrogen, making them react
My previous article I wrote called "One Point Two Billion" attracted quite some attention, the downloads through all the article syndication services has been astronomical compared to any other articles I wrote which are still with them. It seems the numbers game is popular not only with the accountancy profession, but with just about anyone running a website who is interested in more sales from anywhere in the world. The internet has proved to be the great leveler, even a grandmother I know has made hundreds of thousands of dollars just from publishing a couple of e-books, business of that magnitude is not now confined to those people with large sums of investment capital, teams of accountants, planners, secretaries, swanky offices etc. Anyone, even you, can make money regularly on the internet, just aim for a goal and 'go for it!' The costs of setting up have never been lower, the ease of making web pages has never been easier, ( I make my web pages in Notepad, which is on every Windows computer), and the potential audience for your web pages has never been larger. So what are you waiting for? The sheer mountain of information available through e-books on any subject and espe
Dressing is a surface finish that is given to the material. The surface finish is a continuous organic matrix distinct from the protein fibers. That organic matrix can range from a latex paint to a wax. Dressing always refers to that which is the outmost layer of organic matter of the leather. Thus it is possible for a dressing to be “dressed,” since it is possible to apply a wax polish to a surface of painted leather. Prior to wax polishing, the organic matrix that is the paint outer layer of the leather was the “dressing.”
Working the leather refers to the repeated flexing of the leather in order to reduce stiffness. This is an entirely mechanical process.
HOW TO THINK OF CHEMICALS FOR LEATHER CARE
All chemical treatments of leather fall into one or more of these categories: substitute fatliquors, surface dressings, waterproofers, and cleaners.
HOW CLEANERS WORK
Cleaners are chemicals or chemical preparations that aim to remove foreign matter from the leather. The trick with cleaners is that they have to be able to remove the foreign matter without themselves permanently changing the appearance of the leather being cleaned. Invariably, the matter that has to be removed from the leather is a solid or semi-solid, and the cleaning chemical is almost invariably a liquid. Cleaning is achieved either by dissolving the solid matter or by lifting the matter from contact with the leather through a process of preferential wetting. Preferential wetting means that the leather prefers to be in contact with the cleaning liquid more than with the solid contaminant.
In either case, dissolved solid or lifted contaminant, a cloth or sponge is nearly always necessary to complete the removal of the foreign matter from the leather. The foreign contaminating matter is transferred from the leather to the cleaning cloth.
The cleaner preparation also has to be removed from the leather to completely restore the leather to its previously clean state. Cleaner that is not itself removed can become a foreign contaminant. Cleaner is removed either by rinsing, transfer to a cloth or sponge, by evaporation, or a combination of all three processes.
Rinsing is the process in which excess water is used to dissolve the leather cleaner and carry it off. In effect, rinse water substitutes for the cleaner chemical in the leather. Water, weakly bound in the fiber mass, then itself evaporates. This process of removing cleaner is effective provided the leather itself is not adversely affected by getting wet.
If the leather to be cleaned is dressed, that is has a continuous matrix of organic matter on top of the fibers, then other dressing agents can be used to clean the leather product. In effect, it is the surface dressing that is to be cleaned, not the deep mass of protein fibers. Water and other leather dressing agents are useful in removing contaminants from dressed leather. The processes of dissolution and preferential wetting occur here also, as well as the transfer of solid contaminants from one body to another. Thus, cleaning, waxing, and polishing can occur as part of a single process.
SILCONES AND LEATHER
Silicone is a kind of synthetic oil, and the term silicone refers to a homologous series of organic chemicals that are based upon a backbone of alternating silicon and oxygen. Organic side chains, most often methyl groups, are bonded to the silicon atoms. The chains are terminated with methyl groups, making them non-reactive. The chains also can be terminated with hydroxyl groups or with hydrogen, making them reac
One of the most common questions asked by consumers looking to choose auto insurance coverage is how much coverage should I purchase. While every individual is different, there are a few factors that most consumers should consider.It is important to note that most states require all vehicles that use public roadways to be insured. Each state usually has basic requirements for auto insurance, such as having liability insurance in case you damage someone else’s property or injured someone with your vehicle. Adding extra liability coverage should be considered if your state limit is very low. Usually 100K bodily injury with a total of 300K for an entire collision at minimum is advised. If you have assets worth over 300K, you can choose to purchase more insurance to protect you from personal financial loss.If you lease or have a loan out on a vehicle, you will likely need additional insurance as well. For instance, vehicles on a lease or that have a lien require the owner to not only have the basic state required coverage but also have collision coverage and in some cases comprehensive coverage to protect against financial loss on the vehicle. This way if the car is damaged or totaled, the vehicle will be covered and the ban
HOW CLEANERS WORK
Cleaners are chemicals or chemical preparations that aim to remove foreign matter from the leather. The trick with cleaners is that they have to be able to remove the foreign matter without themselves permanently changing the appearance of the leather being cleaned. Invariably, the matter that has to be removed from the leather is a solid or semi-solid, and the cleaning chemical is almost invariably a liquid. Cleaning is achieved either by dissolving the solid matter or by lifting the matter from contact with the leather through a process of preferential wetting. Preferential wetting means that the leather prefers to be in contact with the cleaning liquid more than with the solid contaminant.
In either case, dissolved solid or lifted contaminant, a cloth or sponge is nearly always necessary to complete the removal of the foreign matter from the leather. The foreign contaminating matter is transferred from the leather to the cleaning cloth.
The cleaner preparation also has to be removed from the leather to completely restore the leather to its previously clean state. Cleaner that is not itself removed can become a foreign contaminant. Cleaner is removed either by rinsing, transfer to a cloth or sponge, by evaporation, or a combination of all three processes.
Rinsing is the process in which excess water is used to dissolve the leather cleaner and carry it off. In effect, rinse water substitutes for the cleaner chemical in the leather. Water, weakly bound in the fiber mass, then itself evaporates. This process of removing cleaner is effective provided the leather itself is not adversely affected by getting wet.
If the leather to be cleaned is dressed, that is has a continuous matrix of organic matter on top of the fibers, then other dressing agents can be used to clean the leather product. In effect, it is the surface dressing that is to be cleaned, not the deep mass of protein fibers. Water and other leather dressing agents are useful in removing contaminants from dressed leather. The processes of dissolution and preferential wetting occur here also, as well as the transfer of solid contaminants from one body to another. Thus, cleaning, waxing, and polishing can occur as part of a single process.
SILCONES AND LEATHER
Silicone is a kind of synthetic oil, and the term silicone refers to a homologous series of organic chemicals that are based upon a backbone of alternating silicon and oxygen. Organic side chains, most often methyl groups, are bonded to the silicon atoms. The chains are terminated with methyl groups, making them non-reactive. The chains also can be terminated with hydroxyl groups or with hydrogen, making them reac
U.S. bankruptcy attorneys were a pretty rushed lot in the final period before October 17 – that’s when the laws governing bankruptcy ceased being a catchall shelter. There was a quiet stampede of almost 1.25 million applicants who wanted to take advantage of the more amenable aspects that existed till then.The basic function of bankruptcy attorneys is to guide potential applicants as far as feasibility and procedure is concerned, and to act on their behalf in court. With the new amendments, a bankruptcy attorney must also inform a client why certain loopholes no longer exist. Finding the right lawyer is essential. As distasteful as the circumstances may be, effort put into locating such an attorney is wisely spent.In present times, bankruptcy attorneys are having a boom time. A certain degree of complacent shoddiness appears to have crept into the lesser echelons. There are innumerable cases reported where the attorneys -- especially "cost effective" ones -- do not even show up at a scheduled hearing. Or, they fail to be thorough in necessary research and paper work. Such laxness can spell financial disaster.One can pick a bankruptcy attorney out the yellow pages, but finding the right one calls for a far more astute app
The cleaner preparation also has to be removed from the leather to completely restore the leather to its previously clean state. Cleaner that is not itself removed can become a foreign contaminant. Cleaner is removed either by rinsing, transfer to a cloth or sponge, by evaporation, or a combination of all three processes.
Rinsing is the process in which excess water is used to dissolve the leather cleaner and carry it off. In effect, rinse water substitutes for the cleaner chemical in the leather. Water, weakly bound in the fiber mass, then itself evaporates. This process of removing cleaner is effective provided the leather itself is not adversely affected by getting wet.
If the leather to be cleaned is dressed, that is has a continuous matrix of organic matter on top of the fibers, then other dressing agents can be used to clean the leather product. In effect, it is the surface dressing that is to be cleaned, not the deep mass of protein fibers. Water and other leather dressing agents are useful in removing contaminants from dressed leather. The processes of dissolution and preferential wetting occur here also, as well as the transfer of solid contaminants from one body to another. Thus, cleaning, waxing, and polishing can occur as part of a single process.
SILCONES AND LEATHER
Silicone is a kind of synthetic oil, and the term silicone refers to a homologous series of organic chemicals that are based upon a backbone of alternating silicon and oxygen. Organic side chains, most often methyl groups, are bonded to the silicon atoms. The chains are terminated with methyl groups, making them non-reactive. The chains also can be terminated with hydroxyl groups or with hydrogen, making them reac
Many people have adopted the hobby of making solar cookers – not only because it is a great thing to do for the environment, but because it can really be a lot of fun. Solar cookers can be used for camping, saving energy, fun outdoors, and are surprisingly effective. Remember, it is also very simple to alter the size of a box with scissors and glue – just like that!For this particular cooker there are very few items you will need. Nonetheless these items, simply put together, can provide you with the ability to cook many more food – items than you may expect. The following instructions can help you easily build a solar box cooker. You will need the following six items before you begin:First, you will want to collect two open – faced cardboard boxes: use boxes that measure at least 15” by 15” (or, 38 cm by 38 cm) across the bottom. It is often advised that the larger the boxes are the better the solar cooker will work. One of the boxes will be the outer box and the other is an inner box, therefore, one must be somewhat smaller than the other. Note, however, that it is not absolutely necessary have your inner box is symmetrical all the way around. The sides of the box on either end can be unequal. If it is a perfectly sym
SILCONES AND LEATHER
Silicone is a kind of synthetic oil, and the term silicone refers to a homologous series of organic chemicals that are based upon a backbone of alternating silicon and oxygen. Organic side chains, most often methyl groups, are bonded to the silicon atoms. The chains are terminated with methyl groups, making them non-reactive. The chains also can be terminated with hydroxyl groups or with hydrogen, making them reactive.
Silicone oil is a lubricant, and when it is able to penetrate into the mass of fibers it acts as a substitute fatliquor. Silicone imparts water-repellency, as well as gloss and a pleasant “hand” or feel to leather. Because silicone wets the leather fibers so well, a moderate amount of silicone is able to substitute for fatliquor without impairing the “breathing” of the leather. “Breathing” means that water vapor is able to pass though the mass of fibers. Leather can also be “stuffed” with grease or wax that blocks the passage of water vapor through the mass of fibers. The use of silicone enables the leather to be made water repellant to a degree without the loss of this quality of “breathing.” Stuffing leather with grease makes it waterproof, but renders the leather unable to “breathe.”
Silicone is usually an important component of leather polishes, especially ones that require buffing to bring out the shine. The silicone helps smooth out the wax crystals into a continuous glossy matrix, and also contributes to gloss and water repellency.
Silicone is a very useful product in the care and cleaning of leather. It finds use as a fatliquor, in cleaners, and in dressings. The drawback to the use of silicone is that silicone has a very low surface tension, and the function of other, water-based leather treatment chemicals can be impaired because silicone prevents the other product from wetting the leather.
NEATSFOOT OIL
Neatsfoot oil is produced by the rendering of the feet and shinbones of cattle. It is typically yellow in color, and has a low melting point. It is used to keep leather supple and flexible, which means that it acts as a lubricant for the protein fibers. As such, it acts as a substitute fatliquor.
DRESSINGS AND COLORINGS
A dressing is a coating that is external to the mass of protein fibers, and yet is bonded to it. Typically, a dressing consists of a continuous organic matrix that can hold other kinds of material, such as pigment. Because the coating is external, it is possible for a dressing to be dressed, as when a leather object is polished with wax or made water repellent with a product containing silicone. Dressings are used to provide a decorative and often a protective coating over the fibrous mass, and much of the leather sold commercially is dressed during the manufacturing process. A dressing to a dressing is sometimes called a top dressing.
Aftermarket leather dressings are intended to restore or enhance the dressing that was applied to the leather in the manufacturing process. Waxes, for example, often contain die which matches the color of dressed leather, and the act of polishing the leather with colored wax applies a dressing that is a colorant, a waterproofing agent, and adds a pleasing gloss to the leather.
Colorants are dies and pigments that impart color to the leather, and are different from dressings. Colorants can be a component of a dressing product. Some leathers, during the manufacturing stage, are treated with coloring solutions that carry the coloring agents deep into the fiber mass so that the leather retains its color even when scuffed. Colorants are added to aftermarket dressings so that leather that has lost some of its color due to wear and weathering looks renewed.
WATERPROOFING
Many aftermarket chemical preparations are made to render leather waterproof or water repellant. There is a slight difference in meaning between the two terms. To be waterproof means that water simply will not go through the leather. The state is achieved by stuffing the leather with wax and/or grease. Leather in this state is often hot to wear, because the leather cannot breathe
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